（1）光学电子系统的物方和像方
物方（物室内空间）：物点所属的室内空间（包括入射角线以及延伸线）。
像方（像室内空间）：像点所属的室内空间（包括出射光源以及延伸线）。
（2）物与像的共轭点性
针对给出的光学电子系统，不管物与好像乃是虚，均具备共轭点特点，即：将物点挪到原先的像点部位，并使光源沿反向射进光具组，像过关斩将出现在原先的物点部位上。那样的一对虚像点被称作共轭点。
虚像中间的等光程性
等光程面和严苛显像
光学镜片系统软体严苛（理想化）显像的标准
（1）同性情不会改变：由物点传出的同舟光线根据光具组后维持同性情不会改变。
（2）等光程显像：由物点传出的全部光源根据光具组后均要以相同的光程抵达像点。
探讨
（1）同性情不会改变标准和等光程标准是等额的的。

（2）不符合理想化显像标准时，即同性情被光具组毁坏的状况下，出射光线变成像散光线，像点变成弥漫斑。

（3）从等光程性与同性情不会改变标准的等效电路性，能够对物的共轭像点做界定：针对一个物点，假如相对的光学电子系统能使其传出的全部光源，均以相同的光程根据另一点，则该点与物点共轭点，称之为像点。
等光程面：若某一斜面的反射面或映射能使从某一点传出的光源抵达另一点时具备相同的光程，则该斜面称之为该二点间的等光程面。仅有等光程的反射面、映射才可以确保严苛显像。
反射面等光程面
①理想化显像的基础规定是考虑同舟光线的不变，而且从全部物和像的对应关系看，还务必要考虑虚像间的相似度。
②室内空间上每个点中间的互相部位要一一对应，另外每一对虚像点的色调要一一对应。
③规定显像的光学电子系统不造成崎变，没有像差、偏色等。
④理想化光具组是严苛显像的必备条件。
(1) Object Space and Image Space in Optical-Electronic Systems
• Object Space (Object Domain):
The space to which an object point belongs, including incident rays and their extensions.
• Image Space (Image Domain):
The space to which an image point belongs, including emerging rays and their extensions.
(2) Conjugate Points of Objects and Images
For a given optical-electronic system, whether the object and image are real or virtual, they exhibit the characteristic of conjugate points. If an object point is moved to the original position of the image point, and the light rays are reversed through the optical system, the image will appear at the original position of the object point. Such a pair of virtual points is referred to as conjugate points.
Equi-Optical Path Nature of Virtual Images:
• Equi-Optical Path Surface: A plane or reflection surface where light from one point reaches another with the same optical path length. Only equi-optical path surfaces can ensure strict imaging.
Criteria for Strict (Ideal) Imaging in Optical Lens Systems
1. Preservation of Concentricity:
Concentric rays emitted from an object point maintain their concentricity after passing through the optical system.
2. Equi-Optical Path Imaging:
All light rays emitted from an object point arrive at the image point with the same optical path length after passing through the optical system.
Discussion
1. Equivalence of Concentricity Preservation and Equi-Optical Path Criteria:
These two criteria are equivalent and essential for ideal imaging.
2. Deviations from Ideal Imaging:
If the optical system does not meet the ideal imaging criteria (e.g., concentricity is disrupted), the emerging rays become astigmatic, and the image point becomes a blur spot.
3. Definition of Conjugate Points:
For an object point, if the corresponding optical-electronic system ensures that all light rays emitted from it pass through another point with the same optical path length, that point is the conjugate image point of the object point, referred to as the image point.
4. Equi-Optical Path Surface:
If a reflective or refractive surface allows light emitted from one point to reach another point with the same optical path length, that surface is referred to as the equi-optical path surface for those two points. Only equi-optical path surfaces can ensure strict imaging.
Fundamental Requirements for Ideal Imaging
1. Preservation of Concentricity:
Concentricity of rays must remain unchanged, and object-image correspondence must be maintained for all points.
2. Color Correspondence:
Each pair of virtual image points must correspond in spatial position and color.
3. Absence of Aberrations:
The optical system must not introduce distortions, such as aberrations or chromatic errors.
4. Ideal Optical System:
An ideal optical system is a prerequisite for achieving strict imaging.